Same patient. Different visit. Different race and ethnicity?

For decades, the national effort to find and fight inequity in American health care has relied on vast amounts of anonymous medical record data from tens of millions of people. 

And since many of those inequities are between groups of people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, health related data on these characteristics is especially important to collect accurately and consistently. 

But a new study shows this doesn’t always happen. 

In all, 1.7% of adults and 7% of children who sought emergency care at least twice at the same Michigan hospital or health system had a different race or ethnicity marked in their patient records on different visits. 

For nearly 26% of adult patients who were registered as being Black and of non-Hispanic origin at their first visit, and 39% of those who were registered as being part of a catch-all category of “other” race and ethnicity at their first visit, all had a different race or ethnicity recorded at their second emergency visit to the same hospital or health system. 

Among children, those recorded as being white, multiracial or other on their first visit had another race or ethnicity recorded during their second emergency visit, with 32%, 18% and 23% experiencing this difference respectively. 

The findings suggests that hospitals and health systems need to do more to standardize practices for collecting race and ethnicity data in their emergency departments. What gets marked in a patient’s record in the emergency department might not get reexamined as they receive care during a hospitalization or at post-emergency visits. In some cases, the emergency department visit may be the only kind of care disadvantaged people receive. 

The study looked at data from more than half a million people who had two or more emergency visits at 42 hospitals from late 2018 to late 2021. It’s published in JAMA Network Open by a team from Harvard University, the University of Michigan and Northwestern University, and based on data from a registry maintained by the Michigan Emergency Department Improvement Collaborative.

Keith Kocher, M.D., M.P.H., who leads the collaborative and is senior author of the new study, says it suggests that “the current race and ethnicity data in electronic health record systems has important limitations, especially when influencing administrative decisions, clinical processes, research, or for countless other purposes.” 

Kocher, an emergency medicine physician and researcher at Michigan Medicine and the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, worked with first author Rama Salhi, M.D., M.H.S., M.Sc., who trained at IHPI’s National Clinician Scholars Program before moving to Harvard and Massachusetts General Hospital.

In an accompanying editorial, a team of experts on health care disparities research note that “high-quality data are needed to appropriately measure and address pervasive racial and ethnic health disparities with data-driven policies that advance health equity.”

The commentary notes that multiple entities are working toward this goal, including guiding principles laid out by the National Committee on Quality Assurance, and a health equity framework laid out by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.  

Additional authors: In addition to Kocher and Salhi, the study’s authors include Michelle L. Macy, M.D., M.S. of Northwestern, Margaret E. Samuels-Kalow, M.D., M.Phil., M.S.H.P. of Harvard; and Megan Hogikyan Norris, M.P.H., of U-M. 

Funding: The Michigan Emergency Department Improvement Collaborative is funded by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and is one of the Collaborative Quality Initiatives under the Value Partnerships program.

Citations: Frequency of Discordant Documentation of Patient Race and Ethnicity, JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0549

Editorial: Race and Ethnicity Data in Electronic Health Records—Striving for Clarity, JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0522

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