Every American hospital has two front doors: The real one, and an imaginary revolving door.
Any patient who winds up back in the hospital within a few weeks of getting out travels through that imaginary door. And the more of them there are, the more money their hospital stands to lose from the Medicare system.
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This readmission penalty, as it's called, aims to spur hospitals to prevent unnecessary costly care.
But a new study shows that after several years of rapid improvements in readmissions, the readmission penalty program may be spinning its wheels more than it's slowing the spinning of the revolving hospital door.
Writing in the July issue of the journal Health Affairs, a team from the University of Michigan reports findings from their analysis of data from nearly 2.5 million Medicare patients. They focused on those who had hip or knee replacement surgery before and after the penalty began to apply to their care.
In fact, the study shows, the readmission rate for these patients had already started dropping by the time the idea of readmission penalties was announced as part of the Affordable Care Act in 2010.
Soon after that, the readmission rate for these surgical patients started dropping faster. This acceleration happened even before the penalties took effect in 2012 for the first group of patients — those with certain heart and lung conditions.
The rate kept dropping rapidly for several years — even though hospitals weren't getting penalized yet for hip- and knee-related readmissions.
But that drop started to slow down.
After the government announced in late 2013 that penalties would expand to hip and knee replacement, the rate of readmissions for these patients kept dropping, but at a much slower rate.
At the same time, the average cost of caring for a Medicare hip or knee replacement patient dropped by more than $3,000 from 2008 to 2016.
And hip and knee patients' chance of heading home from the hospital, rather than to a skilled nursing facility or other setting, has increased over that time. So has the likelihood that they will have home health aide help when they get home.
When you've squeezed the possible benefits out, what's left are the harms.Karan Chhabra, M.D., M.Sc.
The same efforts that hospitals may have launched to prevent readmission of medical patients may have extended to these surgical patients, the authors speculate. These might include care coordination programs and telephone check-ins with recently discharged surgery patients, or better patient education about what symptoms to report once they're home and how to contact a clinician at all hours.
"These findings raise the question of how much juice is left to squeeze, and whether we're about to reach the floor in our ability to reduce readmissions for these patients," says Karan Chhabra, M.D., M.Sc., the study's lead author.
Implications for expansion
The Hospital Readmission Reduction Program, or HRRP, still carries large penalties – up to 3% of what a hospital earns for certain Medicare patients. It has expanded to include more patients, such as patients having heart bypass surgery and more types of pneumonia patients including those with sepsis.
But Chhabra and his colleagues say that adding more conditions to the program is not likely to result in much more readmission prevention or cost savings.
"Based on the experience so far, it's hard to believe that adding on penalties for more conditions will further bend the curve of readmission," says Chhabra, a National Clinician Scholar at the U-M Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation who is also a member of the Department of Surgery at Harvard Medical School.
Recent research by other groups has suggested that non-surgical patients are actually being harmed by the drive to reduce readmissions, including being more likely to die at home.
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Says Chhabra, "We may be approaching the point for these surgical patients where the unintended consequences of readmissions reduction efforts begin to dominate. When you've squeezed the possible benefits out, what's left are the harms."
Potential alternatives
Safety net hospitals, which take care of poorer and sicker patients, get penalized more often by the program, the authors point out.
In the end, some readmissions are inevitable, the authors say, and trying to drive rates lower through penalties may mean readmission won't happen for some patients who need it.
Instead, the researchers suggest that more use of bundled payments – where Medicare sets a defined amount of money it will pay for the episode of care surrounding a surgical patient's operation – could produce better results.
In the meantime, Chhabra says, patients who get hospitalized for surgery or any other reason should make sure to know how to communicate with their care team at all hours after they leave the hospital. They should also make sure they understand the instructions they received at hospital discharge, and know what kinds of symptoms or changes should prompt them to contact their team or seek emergency care.
That kind of open communication can make the difference between an appropriate and an inappropriate rehospitalization.
In addition to Chhabra, the study's authors are Andrew M. Ibrahim, MD M.Sc., Jyothi
R. Thumma, MPH, Andrew M. Ryan PhD, MA, and Justin B. Dimick MD, MPH. Ryan and Dimick are members of IHPI. Dimick, the chair of the Department of Surgery at U-M, heads the Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, with which all the authors are affiliated.
The study was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (HS000053, AG39434).