For people who have experienced a heart attack or stroke, taking a daily aspirin has been shown to help prevent a second one.
Yet, despite aspirin’s low cost and its clear benefits in such scenarios, fewer than half of people worldwide who have had a heart attack or stroke take the medication, according to a study led by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and the University of Michigan.
Cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of death globally.
Multiple studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s established that antiplatelet therapy —including aspirin — can reduce the risk of a second cardiovascular event, such as a second heart attack or stroke, by about one-quarter.
Since then, daily aspirin has been recommended for this purpose. Daily aspirin therapy is also generally affordable.
In the U.S., a monthly supply of baby aspirin (81 milligrams per dose) can cost from $2 to $8, depending on the retailer and the amount purchased.
The researchers, including senior author David Flood, M.D., an assistant professor in the Division of Hospital Medicine at the University of Michigan and a member of the Elizabeth Weiser Caswell Diabetes Institute, analyzed data from nationally representative health surveys that were conducted in 51 low , middle and high income countries. Flood is also a member of the Institute for Health Care Policy at U-M.
“Survivors of heart attacks and stroke often face a high risk of having subsequent events,” said first author Sang Gune Yoo, M.D., a cardiovascular disease fellow in the Cardiovascular Division at Washington University School of Medicine.
“In fact, many people die from having recurring attacks. Aspirin offers one effective and relatively low cost option for reducing the likelihood of additional events in individuals with established cardiovascular disease, and yet most people who could benefit from a daily aspirin don’t take it.”
Benefits of aspirin
According to Yoo, this study, which appeared in the medical journal JAMA, can’t explain why aspirin is so underused, but there likely are multiple intersecting explanations, including varying accessibility to health care in general, inconsistent messaging surrounding use of the drug, and the fact that aspirin is not always available over the counter, requiring a prescription in some countries.
Despite the benefits of aspirin, the study showed that in low income countries, only 16.6% of eligible individuals — those who had experienced a first heart attack or stroke — were taking aspirin to prevent a second heart attack or stroke. In lower middle income countries, this number was 24.5%.
It increased to 51.1% for upper middle income countries and to 65% in high income countries, including the United States.
Myriad factors contribute to the risk of heart attacks and strokes such as smoking, diabetes, an unhealthy diet, genetics, lack of exercise, obesity, and even air pollution.
Aspirin works as a blood thinner, preventing small blood cells called platelets from forming clots. These clots can block arteries and contribute to a reduction in the amount of oxygen rich blood being delivered to vital organs.
Such blockage also can cause other complications, including a heart attack or stroke.
Data about aspirin use, cardiovascular disease
The surveys used in the research included questions about people’s medical history of cardiovascular disease and on aspirin use.
The study included 125,505 individuals, with 10,590 self-reporting a history of cardiovascular disease.
An earlier study that was conducted by a different group of researchers, the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology Cohort Study, was published in 2011 and found similarly low aspirin usage.
Despite international efforts to improve access to cardiovascular disease medicines, including aspirin, from 2011 through 2023, aspirin remains severely underused.
Yoo says this lack of progress underscores the urgent need to continue developing and implementing interventions to promote aspirin use.
“We might expect that after 10 years there would be more widespread aspirin use, but things haven’t really changed,” Yoo said.
“This research deals with a disease process that affects many people, regardless of where you live. We have to remember that this could benefit a tremendous number of people.”
Chronic conditions
Interventions, according to Yoo, should take a multipronged approach and should consider the contexts in which they’re being implemented. Such approaches could involve repurposing system level strategies deployed to manage other chronic conditions, such as HIV/AIDS.
“Particularly in lower-middle-income countries, there is often a good infrastructure for caring for patients living with HIV or other endemic disease,” Yoo noted.
“We can think about restructuring that so that we can also address comorbidities of heart attack and stroke such as cardiovascular disease as part of those existing systems, instead of having to reinvent the wheel.”
Interventions could also take place where aspirin is easily available, targeting pharmacies or primary care physicians to make the drug more accessible to eligible patients.
“In order to create interventions, we have to understand what is actually going on, which is what we’re trying to establish in this study,” Yoo said.
“Then we can start to think about how to develop strategies to increase evidence-based aspirin use in order to save lives.”
Additional authors include: Grace S. Chung, Ph.D., Silver K. Bahendeka, M.D., Abla M. Sibai, Ph.D., Albertino Damasceno, Ph.D., Farshad Farzadfar, M.D., Peter Rohloff, M.D., Corine Houehanou, M.D., Bolormaa Norov, M.Sc., Khem B. Karki, M.B.B.S, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, M.D., Maja E. Marcus, Ph.D., Krishna K. Aryal, Ph.D., Luisa C. C. Brant, M.D., Michaela Theilmann, M.A., Renata Cífková, M.D., Nuno Lunet, Ph.D., Mongal S. Gurung, Ph.D., Joseph Kibachio Mwangi, M.D., Joao Martins, Ph.D., Rosa Haghshenas, B.Sc., Lela Sturua, Ph.D., Sebastian Vollmer, Ph.D., Till Bärnighausen, M.D., Rifat Atun, M.D., Jeremy B. Sussman, M.D.,Kavita Singh, Ph.D., Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, M.Sc., David Guwatudde, Ph.D., Pascal Geldsetzer, Sc.D., Jennifer Manne-Goehler, M.D., Mark D. Huffman, M.D., and Justine I. Davies, M.D.
Funding: The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (K23HL161271, P30DK092926, and 5P30AG024824) and by the University of Michigan Caswell Diabetes Institute Clinical Translational Research Scholars Program.
Citation: “Aspirin for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in 51 Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries,” JAMA.DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.12905
Navya Yerrapu edited this article to appear on Health Lab.
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